![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.crowd4test.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/android-vs-ios-banner.png?ssl=1\")
<\/a><\/p>\nWhat are the versions in android?<\/h2>\n\n- Android 1.0: Android Alpha<\/li>\n
- Android 1.1: Android Beta<\/li>\n
- Android 1.5: Android Cupcake<\/li>\n
- Android 1.6: Android Donut<\/li>\n
- Android 2.0: Android Eclair<\/li>\n
- Android 2.2: Android Froyo<\/li>\n
- Android 2.3: Android Gingerbread<\/li>\n
- Android 3.0: Android Honeycomb<\/li>\n
- Android 4.0: Android Ice Cream Sandwich<\/li>\n
- Android 4.1 to 4.3.1: Android Jelly Bean<\/li>\n
- Android 4.4 to 4.4.4: Android KitKat<\/li>\n
- Android 5.0 to 5.1.1: Android Lollipop<\/li>\n
- Android 6.0 to 6.0.1: Android Marshmallow<\/li>\n
- Android 7.0 to 7.1: Android Nougat<\/li>\n
- Android 8.0 to Android 8.1: Android Oreo<\/li>\n
- Android 9.0: Android Pie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Features<\/h2>\nInterface<\/h3>\n
Android’s default user interface is mainly based on\u00a0direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard.<\/p>\n
Android home screens are typically made up of app icons and\u00a0widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a\u00a0weather forecast, the user’s email inbox, or a\u00a0news ticker directly on the home screen.<\/p>\n
Applications<\/h3>\n
Applications (“apps”), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the\u00a0Android software development kit (SDK)<\/sup>\u00a0and, often, the\u00a0Java\u00a0programming language.<\/p>\nThe SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools,<\/sup>\u00a0including a\u00a0debugger,\u00a0software libraries, a handset emulator\u00a0based on\u00a0QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.<\/p>\nDue to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons.<\/p>\n
Memory Management<\/h3>\n
Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum.<\/p>\n
Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes, starting with those that have been inactive for the longest amount of time.<\/p>\n
Linux Kernal<\/h2>\n
Android’s\u00a0kernel\u00a0is based on the\u00a0Linux kernel’s\u00a0long-term support\u00a0(LTS) branches. As of 2018, Android targets versions 4.4, 4.9 or 4.14 of the Linux kernel.\u00a0<\/sup>The actual kernel depends on the individual device.<\/p>\nAndroid’s variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different\u00a0out of memory\u00a0(OOM) handling.<\/p>\n
With the release of\u00a0Android Oreo\u00a0in 2017, Google began to require that devices shipped with new\u00a0SoCs\u00a0had Linux kernel version 4.4 or newer, for security reasons.<\/p>\n
Security and Privacy<\/h2>\n
Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus threat on Android is being\u00a0exaggerated\u00a0by security companies for commercial reasons,<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users.<\/p>\nAndroid applications run in a\u00a0sandbox, an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system’s resources unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed, however, this may not be possible for pre-installed apps.<\/p>\n
Pros and Cons of Android<\/h2>\nCons<\/h3>\n
Features<\/h2>\nInterface<\/h3>\n
Android’s default user interface is mainly based on\u00a0direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard.<\/p>\n
Android home screens are typically made up of app icons and\u00a0widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a\u00a0weather forecast, the user’s email inbox, or a\u00a0news ticker directly on the home screen.<\/p>\n
Applications<\/h3>\n
Applications (“apps”), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the\u00a0Android software development kit (SDK)<\/sup>\u00a0and, often, the\u00a0Java\u00a0programming language.<\/p>\n The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools,<\/sup>\u00a0including a\u00a0debugger,\u00a0software libraries, a handset emulator\u00a0based on\u00a0QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.<\/p>\n Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons.<\/p>\n Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum.<\/p>\n Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes, starting with those that have been inactive for the longest amount of time.<\/p>\n Android’s\u00a0kernel\u00a0is based on the\u00a0Linux kernel’s\u00a0long-term support\u00a0(LTS) branches. As of 2018, Android targets versions 4.4, 4.9 or 4.14 of the Linux kernel.\u00a0<\/sup>The actual kernel depends on the individual device.<\/p>\n Android’s variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different\u00a0out of memory\u00a0(OOM) handling.<\/p>\n With the release of\u00a0Android Oreo\u00a0in 2017, Google began to require that devices shipped with new\u00a0SoCs\u00a0had Linux kernel version 4.4 or newer, for security reasons.<\/p>\n Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus threat on Android is being\u00a0exaggerated\u00a0by security companies for commercial reasons,<\/sup><\/sup>\u00a0and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users.<\/p>\n Android applications run in a\u00a0sandbox, an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system’s resources unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed, however, this may not be possible for pre-installed apps.<\/p>\nMemory Management<\/h3>\n
Linux Kernal<\/h2>\n
Security and Privacy<\/h2>\n
Pros and Cons of Android<\/h2>\n
Cons<\/h3>\n